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False Creek is a short inlet in the heart of Vancouver. It separates downtown from the rest of the city. It was named by George Henry Richards during his Hydrographic survey of 1856-63. Science World is located at its eastern end, with the Granville, Cambie, and the Burrard (which is furthest west) Street bridges crossing False Creek. The Canada Line tunnel crosses underneath False Creek just west of the Cambie Bridge. It is one of the four major bodies of water bordering Vancouver along with English Bay, Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River. In 1986 it was the location of the Expo 86 World's Fair. ==History== Human settlement in the Lower Fraser region (including present-day Vancouver; see Lower Mainland) began between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the Sumas Glacier at the end of the last ice age.〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.7〕 The settlement by peoples now known as the Coast Salish predates the arrival of salmon in the river between 4,500 and 5,000 years ago.〔 According to Squamish-Sto:lo〔Maracle, Lee. “Goodbye, Snauq.” ''Our Story''. Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor, 2005. 205-19. Print. p.211〕 author and historian Lee Maracle, Vancouver was inhabited by “Downriver Halkomelem” speaking peoples, the Tsleil-Waututh.〔Maracle, Lee. “Goodbye, Snauq.” ''Our Story''. Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor, 2005. 205-19. Print. p.203〕 Contact between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of present-day Vancouver occurred in June 1792.〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.8〕 By 1812, Halkomelem peoples had survived three large epidemics from foreign illnesses such as smallpox, introduced through trading routes,〔 including a 1782 outbreak that killed two-thirds of the population.〔Carlson, Keith. ''A Sto:lo-Coast Salish Historical Atlas''. Vancouver: Sto:lo Heritage Trust, 2001. Print. p.76〕 It has been estimated that shortly before the time of first contact and these epidemics, the indigenous population of the Lower Fraser was over 60,000.〔 An 1830 Hudson’s Bay Company census documented 8,954 indigenous inhabitants in the region, although the census was probably incomplete due to the omitting of an unknown number of settlements.〔Carlson, Keith. ''A Sto:lo-Coast Salish Historical Atlas''. Vancouver: Sto:lo Heritage Trust, 2001. Print. p.78〕 As a result of epidemics, the population of the Tsleil-Waututh was reduced to 41 individuals by 1812, who invited the neighbouring Squamish to reside in Burrard Inlet.〔 Shortly thereafter, a group of Tsleil-Waututh led by Khatsalahnough, a leader from Lil’wat (near present-day Pemberton), occupied present-day False Creek.〔 At this time, large sand bars existed at the entrance to False Creek,〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.104〕 from which False Creek’s indigenous name, Snauq (meaning “sandbar”) is derived.〔Maracle, Lee. “Goodbye, Snauq.” ''Our Story''. Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor, 2005. 205-19. Print. p.206〕 False Creek, which lies in Musqueam territory, was a shared waterway; in addition to the Tsleil-Waututh, the Squamish inhabited False Creek as well, occupying it year-round.〔Maracle, Lee. “Goodbye, Snauq.” ''Our Story''. Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor, 2005. 205-19. Print. p.208〕 Prior to European settlement, False Creek extended as far east as what is now Clark Drive,〔〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.100〕 while Burrard Inlet was nearly a mile in width.〔Maracle, Lee. “Goodbye, Snauq.” ''Our Story''. Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor, 2005. 205-19. Print. p.207〕 With land reclamation extending into Burrard Inlet and False Creek for port and industrial uses,〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.162〕 the landscape began to change dramatically. Once a vital source for Tsleil-Waututh, Musqueam, and Squamish food supplies such as sea asparagus,〔 berries, camas, oysters, clams, wild cabbage, and mushrooms,〔 False Creek became polluted with sewage and toxic effluent from sawmills and other industries.〔 As a result, one nickname for False Creek was “Shit Creek”.〔Delgado, James P. ''Waterfront: the Illustrated Maritime History of Greater Vancouver''. North Vancouver: Stanton Atkins & Dosil Publishers, 2010. p.58-9〕 In 1913, the Squamish residents of the Kitsilano Reserve, on the False Creek sandbar, were forced to relocate.〔“Mapping Tool: Kitsilano Reserve.” Susan Roy. ''Indigenous Foundations''. First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia. 2009. Web. Nov. 1, 2015. n. pag. http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/land-rights/mapping-tool-kitsilano-reserve.html〕 According to Maracle, the settlement was burned down following the forced evacuation.〔Maracle, Lee. “Goodbye, Snauq.” ''Our Story''. Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor, 2005. 205-19. Print. p.208-9〕 In 1916, the sandbar on which this settlement was located was built into Granville Island to create new industrial land.〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.105〕 In 1917, the eastern basin of False Creek was infilled to create land for the Canadian Northern Railway's Pacific Central Station;〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.101〕 transcontinental railway terminals such as this helped earn Vancouver the moniker of "Terminal City".〔Delgado, James P. ''Waterfront: the Illustrated Maritime History of Greater Vancouver''. North Vancouver: Stanton Atkins & Dosil Publishers, 2010. p.40〕 Talk of draining and filling the inlet to Granville Street continued into the 1950s, but that never occurred.〔Hayes, Derek. ''Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley''. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2007. p.103〕 The False Creek area was the industrial heartland of Vancouver through to the 1950s, and was home to many sawmills and small port operations. As industry shifted to other areas, the vicinity around False Creek started to deteriorate. In 1960, BC Forest Products plant and lumber storage facility on the south side of False Creek caught fire in Vancouver's first-ever five-alarm blaze. Every piece of firefighting equipment and all of Vancouver's firefighters fought the blaze for hours, but the facility was totally destroyed. The future of False Creek south was subsequently shaped by debates on freeways, urban renewal, and the rise of citizen participation in urban planning. Through the 60s, the ruling NPA city government and senior city bureaucrats had hatched a plan - with little or no public consultation - to run freeways through the city. In the same period, the City razed large portions of Strathcona under the aegis of urban renewal. A group of influential citizens formed The Electors Action Movement (TEAM) to oppose the freeway and to radically change the way decisions were made on land use. A key figure amongst these people was Walter Hardwick, a Geography professor at UBC who envisioned the retrofit of this brownfield industrial site into a vibrant waterfront mixed-use community. First elected to City Council in 1968, Dr. Hardwick led the City's redevelopment team and helped secure the participation of the Federal Government which owned Granville Island. A major public involvement and co-design process followed which established public priorities for an accessible waterfront seawall; mixed-tenure housing including market condominiums, co-op and low-income housing and live-aboard marinas; and a vibrant waterfront market. These plans were formalized in a 1972 Official Development Plan (http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/BYLAWS/odp/fccdd.pdf). The form and mix of development were revolutionary for Vancouver at the time. A third of the site was set aside for housing at 40 units/acre with the balance converted to park, waterfront and community uses. The North Shore of False Creek (NFC) was further transformed in the 1980s, as it took centre stage during Expo 86. Following Expo, the Province sold the NFC site to Li Ka-shing who brought ideas of a higher density waterfront community to the downtown peninsula. Vancouver's experience with South False Creek and the public participation that shaped it was key to developing NFC as a livable high-density community. For example, Ka-shing's company wanted to develop "islands" of market condos on the waterfront but was soundly rebuffed by the public and by planners who favoured the extension of a 100% publicly accessible waterfront and seawall. The 1991 Official Development Plan enabled significant new density commensurate with the provision of significant public amenities including streetfront shops and services, parks, school sites, community centres, daycares, co-op and low-income housing. Since then, most of the north shore has become a new neighbourhood of dense housing (about 100 units/acre), adding some 50,000 new residents to Vancouver's downtown peninsula. On December 1, 1998, Vancouver City Council adopted a set of Blueways policies and guidelines〔(Vancouver Blueways Policies )〕 stating the vision of a waterfront city where land and water combine to meet the environmental, cultural and economic needs of the City and its people in a sustainable, equitable, high quality manner. Southeast False Creek (SEFC) is the designation given to the neighbourhood bordered by Cambie, Main, West 2nd Avenue, and False Creek.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Southeast False Creek Planning )〕 The 2010 Olympic Village, for athlete housing and logistics of the Winter Olympics, is found in Southeast False Creek. The City of Vancouver has plans to see this neighbourhood developed into a residential area with housing and services for 11,000-13,000 people.〔(Southeast False Creek: About the Neighbourhood ). City of Vancouver. Retrieved 2011-11-22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「False Creek」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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